Publications

We have produced emulsion droplets of controlled size and composition coated by ligands, and studied the adhesion of these drops on a solid substrate coated by receptors and polymers. Using transmission, RICM and fluorescence microscopy we assess the size, contact angle and ligand density for each drop. We first show that non-specific interactions significantly enhance the proteins density within the adhesive patch. Then we show that binding within the patch is partially inhibited in good agreement with the hypothesis of an absence of translational diffusion. We confirm that the density of specific bonds sets the adhesive energy and therefore the final contact angle, and finally show that specific binding in our system is always associated with the existence of a positive line tension, which linearly increases with the density of receptors. These experiments describe a new scenario for specific wetting which raises the importance of the coupling between non-specific interactions and specific binding.

Chirality is an important element of biology, chemistry and physics. Once symmetry is broken and a handedness is established, biochemical pathways are set. In DNA, the double helix arises from the existence of two competing length scales, one set by the distance between monomers in the sugar backbone, and the other set by the stacking of the base pairs1. Here we use a colloidal system to explore a simple forcing route to chiral structures. To do so we have designed magnetic colloids that, depending on both their shape and induced magnetization, self-assemble with controlled helicity. We model the two length scales with asymmetric colloidal dumbbells linked by a magnetic belt at their waist. In the presence of a magnetic field the belts assemble into a chain and the steric constraints imposed by the asymmetric spheres force the chain to coil. We show that if the size ratio between the spheres is large enough, a single helicity is adopted, right or left. The realization of chiral colloidal clusters opens up a new link between colloidal science and chemistry. These colloidal clusters may also find use as mesopolymers, as optical and light-activated structures2, and as models for enantiomeric separation.

We discuss the theory of ligand receptor reactions between two freely rotating colloids in close proximity to one other. Such reactions, limited by rotational diffusion, arise in magnetic bead suspensions where the beads are driven into close contact by an applied magnetic field as they align in chainlike structures. By a combination of reaction-diffusion theory, numerical simulations, and heuristic arguments, we compute the time required for a reaction to occur in a number of experimentally relevant situations. We find in all cases that the time required for a reaction to occur is larger than the characteristic rotation time of the diffusion motion tau_rot. When the colloids carry one ligand only and a number n of receptors, we find that the reaction time is, in units of tau_rot, a function simply of n and of the relative surface alpha occupied by one reaction patch alpha = pi r_C²/(4pi r²), where r_C is the ligand receptor capture radius and r is the radius of the colloid.

Silicon biomineralization is a widespread mechanism found in several kingdoms that concerns both unicellular and multicellular organisms. As a result of genomic and molecular tools, diatoms have emerged as a good model for biomineralization studies and have provided most of the current knowledge on this process. However, the number of techniques available to study its dynamics at the cellular level is still rather limited. Here, new probes were developed specifically to label the pre-existing or the newly synthesized silica frustule of several diatoms species. It is shown that the LysoTracker Yellow HCK-123, which can be used to visualize silica frustules with common filter sets, presents an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and allows details of the frustules to be imaged without of the use of ionophores. It is also demonstrated that methoxysilane derivatives can be coupled to fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) to preferentially label the silica components of living cells. The coupling of labeling procedures might help to address the challenging question of the process of frustule exocytosis.

The destabilization process of an emulsion under flow is investigated in a microfluidic device. The experimental approach enables us to generate a periodic train of droplet pairs, and thus to isolate and analyze the basic step of the destabilization, namely, the coalescence of two droplets which collide. We demonstrate a counterintuitive phenomenon: coalescence occurs during the separation phase and not during the impact. Separation induces the formation of two facing nipples in the contact area that hastens the connection of the interfaces prior to fusion. Moreover, droplet pairs initially stabilized by surfactants can be destabilized by forcing the separation. Finally, we note that the fusion mechanism is responsible for a cascade of coalescence events in a compact system of droplets where the separation is driven by surface tension.

Recent advances in micro-machining allow very small cargos, such as single red blood cells, to be moved by outfitting them with tails made of micrometre-sized paramagnetic particles yoked together by polymer bridges. When a time-varying magnetic field is applied to such a filament, it bends from side to side and propels itself through the fluid, dragging the load behind it. Here, experimental data and a mathematical model are presented showing the dependence of the swimming speed and direction of the magnetic micro-swimmer upon tunable parameters, such as the field strength and frequency and the filament length. The propulsion of the filament arises from the propagation of bending waves between free and tethered ends: here we show that this gives the microswimmer a gait that is intermediate between a eukaryotic cell and a waggled elastic rod. Finally, we extract from the model design principles for constructing the fastest swimming micro-swimmer.

We introduce a general methodology based on magnetic colloids to study the recognition kinetics of tethered biomolecules. Access to the full kinetics of the reaction is provided by an explicit measure of the time evolution of the reactant densities. Binding between a single ligand and its complementary receptor is here limited by the colloidal rotational diffusion. It occurs within a binding distance that can be extracted by a reaction-diffusion theory that properly accounts for the rotational Brownian dynamics. Our reaction geometry allows us to probe a large diversity of bioadhesive molecules and tethers, thus providing a quantitative guidance for designing more efficient reactive biomimetic surfaces, as required for diagnostic, therapeutic, and tissue engineering techniques.

Plusieurs mécanismes biologiques utilisent la polymérisation des filaments d’actine comme moteur mécanique. L’énergie chimique libérée à l’addition d’un monomère dans le filament est convertie en travail mécanique et une force est générée. Les filaments ainsi formés s’organisent grâce à des protéines liant l’actine et forment des structures qui diffèrent par leurs propriétés mécaniques et élastiques mais aussi de leurs fonctions dans les différents processus biologiques. Notre système expérimental permet d’étudier le lien entre les propriétés mécaniques et les mécanismes à l’origine de la production de la force. La polymérisation des filaments est directement initiée sur la surface de particules magnétiques. En présence d’un champ magnétique, ces dernières s’organisent en chaîne par des interactions dipôle-dipôle, et une force magnétique compressive est induite sur les filaments qui polymérisent. La polymérisation écartent les particules au cours du temps et en fonction de la force appliquée, la vitesse d’écartement des particules est ralentie. En suivant l’évolution de la distance entre particules, nous détaillons la relation force-vitesse et les propriétés mécaniques des filaments.

La nanomédecine représente le champ d’application des nanotechnologies, et plus
particulièrement des nanoparticules, à la médecine. Ce nouveau domaine est très prometteur
notamment en ce qui concerne la détection et le traitement de pathologies d’origine
infectieuse, génétique ou cancéreuse. Nous avons développé de nouvelles nanoparticules
biocompatibles et évalué leur potentiel en tant que nanocargos d’agents thérapeutiques ou
diagnostiques grâce à l’imagerie de fluorescence in vivo. Ces particules sont des nanoémulsions
de type huile dans eau, de quelques dizaines de nanomètres de diamètre, stabilisées
par une couche de surfactants composée de phospholipides et d’agents de furtivité.
L’encapsulation dans le coeur des nanoparticules de fluorophores organiques absorbant et
émettant dans les longueurs d’onde compatibles avec les dispositifs d’imagerie de
fluorescence permet de suivre leur biodistribution après injection dans des souris Nude. Ces
nano-émulsions furtives et fluorescentes peuvent également être fonctionnalisées sur leur
surface par des ligands de ciblage actifs tels que le peptide cRGD. De telles nano-émulsions
fonctionnalisées montrent in vitro une adhésion spécifique avec les cellules exprimant
l’intégrine αvβ3, un biomarqueur de l’angiogénèse. L’accumulation, passive et/ou active
médiée par les cRGD, des particules au sein de différents modèles de tumeurs sous-cutanées
implantés chez la souris Nude, est observée par imagerie de fluorescence non invasive.